Health officials are on high alert as measles cases surge across at least 12 states in the U.S., potentially signaling the resurgence of other preventable diseases such as polio, rubella, and mumps. As of March 6, 2025, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported 222 measles cases, with one confirmed fatality and another under investigation. Experts warn that declining vaccination rates are weakening community immunity, increasing the likelihood of further outbreaks.
This article examines the current measles outbreak, its implications for public health, and what individuals can do to protect themselves and their communities. We also address the risks of other vaccine-preventable diseases making a comeback and provide actionable steps for staying proactive.
The Alarming Rise of Measles Cases
Measles, one of the most contagious childhood diseases, has seen a rapid increase in reported cases. The CDC recorded 285 cases for the entire year in 2024, yet just two months into 2025, the numbers are already approaching that total. Texas has been hit particularly hard, with cases rising from 159 to 223 within a week. This outbreak underscores the importance of maintaining high vaccination rates.
According to Dr. George Rust, a professor of medicine at Florida State University College of Medicine, the threshold for achieving “community immunity” against measles is 95%. This figure is notably higher than the 80% required for polio. Unfortunately, the nationwide measles vaccination rate for the 2022-2023 school year stood at just 93.1%, with the vaccine exemption rate surpassing 5% in 10 states—posing a significant public health risk.
Why Are Measles Cases Increasing?
The rise in measles cases can be attributed to declining vaccination rates, fueled by misinformation, vaccine hesitancy, and systemic barriers to healthcare access. Experts highlight several key factors contributing to this decline:
1. Pockets of Low Vaccination Rates
Dr. William Schaffner, an infectious disease expert at Vanderbilt University Medical Center, warns that communities with low vaccination rates create ideal conditions for outbreaks. Unvaccinated individuals often cluster together in social, religious, or ideological groups, reinforcing their stance against vaccinations. This clustering amplifies the spread of infectious diseases.
2. Delayed Vaccinations
Many parents are opting to delay their children’s vaccinations, either due to concerns about vaccine safety or lack of access to healthcare providers. This delay leaves children vulnerable to infections, especially in areas with active outbreaks.
3. Global Travel and Importation of Measles
International travel contributes to the spread of measles. The virus is still prevalent in several countries, and unvaccinated travelers can unknowingly bring it into the U.S., triggering outbreaks in susceptible populations.
How Contagious is Measles?
Measles is one of the most infectious diseases, with a reproduction number (R0) between 12 and 18. This means that one infected individual can spread the disease to 12-18 others in a susceptible population. In comparison:
- Mumps has an R0 of about 14.
- Rubella has an R0 of 6-7.
- Polio has an R0 of 5-7.
- COVID-19 has an R0 of around 3.
Additionally, the measles virus can linger in the air for up to 90 minutes after an infected person coughs or sneezes, making it highly transmissible in shared spaces.
The Risk of Other Vaccine-Preventable Diseases
The resurgence of measles is a warning sign for other preventable diseases that could return if vaccination rates continue to decline.
1. Polio: A Looming Threat
Dr. M. Anthony Moody from Duke University School of Medicine expresses deep concern over polio, a disease that once caused devastating epidemics in the U.S. While most polio infections are asymptomatic, severe cases can result in paralysis or death. The polio vaccination rate has dropped from 95% in 2019-2020 to 92.6% in 2023-2024. Though still above the 80% immunity threshold, pockets of under-vaccinated populations pose a significant risk.
2. Mumps and Rubella
The MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella) vaccine has been widely available since 1971, yet declining vaccination rates threaten a resurgence of these diseases. Mumps can lead to complications such as meningitis, while rubella is particularly dangerous for pregnant women, potentially causing congenital disabilities.
How to Protect Yourself and Your Community
1. Get Vaccinated
The MMR vaccine is highly effective, with one dose providing 93% protection against measles and two doses offering 97% protection. The CDC recommends:
- First dose at 12-15 months.
- Second dose at 4-6 years old.
The polio vaccine is also highly effective, with four doses providing over 99% immunity.
2. Encourage Vaccination in Your Community
Misinformation about vaccines is widespread. Share accurate, science-based information and encourage others to follow CDC guidelines.
3. Be Cautious When Traveling
If traveling to areas with ongoing outbreaks, ensure your vaccinations are up to date. Avoid close contact with sick individuals and practice good hygiene.
4. Stay Informed and Report Symptoms
Early detection helps prevent further spread. Symptoms of measles include fever, cough, runny nose, and a characteristic rash. Report any suspected cases to healthcare providers immediately.
Frequently Asked Questions
Is measles deadly?
A: While most recover, measles can lead to severe complications such as pneumonia, encephalitis, and even death. Infants, pregnant women, and immunocompromised individuals are at higher risk.
If I had measles as a child, do I need the vaccine?
A: No, individuals who have had measles typically develop lifelong immunity.
Can vaccinated individuals still get measles?
A: Rarely. About 3% of vaccinated individuals may still contract measles but usually experience milder symptoms.
What should I do if I suspect I’ve been exposed to measles?
A: Contact a healthcare provider immediately. If unvaccinated, receiving the MMR vaccine within 72 hours may help prevent illness.
Are vaccine exemptions affecting outbreak rates?
A: Yes. States with higher vaccine exemption rates have seen a rise in outbreaks due to lower community immunity.
Conclusion
The current measles outbreak serves as a stark reminder of the importance of vaccinations in preventing the resurgence of deadly diseases. With declining immunization rates, experts warn of potential outbreaks of polio, mumps, and rubella.
Ensuring widespread vaccination is crucial to protecting public health. Individuals should stay informed, receive recommended vaccinations, and encourage community-wide immunization efforts. By taking proactive measures, we can prevent a return of diseases once thought to be eradicated, safeguarding future generations from unnecessary health risks.
